资讯时代中伦理导向之决策制定架构 免费论文 | 免费论文 |
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伦理导向之决策制定也并非无任何缺点,在伦理导向之决策制定过程中,一个阶段可能需要获得并处理相当多的资讯,以拟定出一个理性决策,但并非位决策者都能取得足够的资讯。所以,从资讯的相关层面来看,有些资讯与问题本身直接相关,有些则是与社会、政府、工作、职业或个人等环境因素相关之资讯;从资讯范围来看,可从法律或既定政策的资料到个人自己的信念都有。然而根据simon之有限理性(bounded rationality)理论,受限于人类本身之资讯处理能力,决策者原本就无法周延考虑所有可行方案,评估其后果以找出最佳决策;且人类对于外来资讯的刺激也会依其特有的认知方式及人格特质加以过滤,并赋予资讯其所认知的意义。同样的,本文提出的伦理决策在此一状况依然存在,决策者的认知、可用的资讯及资讯的处理方式,对决策后果之风险评估以及伦理议题之结构化程度都可能影响伦理决策之最后结果。
虽然个人受到有限理性的限制,但这并不是意谓著以决策观点来防制不道德行为是一件困难的事。决策的目标是在有限资讯的状况下,做出最符合道德的决策,并非做出一个最完美的决策;亦即在有限资讯的情境下,提升个人的道德层次。根据kolhberg的道德成熟理论,人的道德层次是可以经过训练、宗教影响力、直觉及逻辑思考等方式来提升(kirrane 1990),因此只要将伦理理念融入决策及生活中,对于个人或组织在生产、销售、购买或使用资讯产品过程中之不道德行为的抑制,仍是直接有效,而且是正本清源的做法。
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